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The drug Amalaki (Emblica Officinalis Gaertn.) belongs to family Euphorbiaceae, is used since ancient time for therapeutic purposes. It has been used in the traditional Indian medicine of ‘Ayurveda’ for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Amalaki has five Rasa (taste) except Lavana (salt), It is mainly Amla Ras Pradhan. Its Vipaka (taste after digestion) is Madhura (sweet) and Veerya (potency) is Sheeta (cool). Because of these qualities, the plant performs various pharmacological actions such as anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory activity, anti-tussive, antiulcer activity, anticancerous activity, anti-diarroheal and spasmolytic, antidiabetic, in reducing cholesterol and dyslipidemia, antimicrobial, anti-asthmatic. It helps to improve physical and mental health, prevents degeneration, extends youth and delays aging or rather reverse the aging process. Various parts of Amalaki has been described in morphology like root, stem, leaf, seed, flower and fruit. Synonyms and their interpretation, Vernacular names, Rasapanchaka and Karma of Amalaki in various Nighantus (Dhanwantri Nighantu, Shodhal Nighantu, Madanpal Nighantu, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Kaiyadeva Nighantu and Raj Nighantu) has been described. Classical categorization of plant Amalaki in Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya has been explained according to its Karma and this paper presented a comprehensive review of Emblica Officinalis Gaertn
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The present study describes in- vitro efficacy of Emblica officinalis against Methicillin Resistant S. aureus mastitis. Diffusion technique was used to assess in-vitro efficacy of Emblica officinalis. Zone of inhibition was measured and used to compare the in-vitro efficacy. The zone ranged between 10-13 mm with maximum zone of 13 mm observed in 200 and 225 mg/ml DMSO disc, followed by 12 mm in 175 and 150 mg/ml DMSO disc, 11 mm in 125 mg/ml DMSO disc and 10 mm in 100 mg/ml DMSO disc. The results indicate that the sensitivity pattern for Emblica officinalis at 200 & 175 mg/ml DMSO concentration and was comparable with the standard antibiotics in Methicillin sensitive S. aureus. In Methicillin resistant S. aureus isolates, the zone of inhibition was in the order Oxytetracycline (15mm) followed by Emblica officinalis -200 (13 mm) and Methicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin, ofloxacin were resistance
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Background: Hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia seen in diabetes mellitus result in oxidative stress and pose significant risk of cognitive decline that may lead to Alzheimer’s disease. Approved anti-diabetic drugs have so far failed to demonstrate anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic activity, apart from saroglitazar. Therefore, this study was done to find a suitable anti-diabetic drug that possesses anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic activities and can reverse cognitive decline.Methods: Emblica officinalis (250 mg/kg, p.o. and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) and Murraya koenigii (250 mg/kg, p.o. and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) were chosen to study these activities in Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin [STZ] (50 mg/kg). Fasting blood glucose levels and lipid profile were measured on day 1 and day 30 of the experiment. Cognitive function was assessed by measuring transfer latency (TL) on elevated plus maze, step-down latency (SDL) on passive avoidance apparatus and retention latency (RL) and quadrant time (QT) in Morris water maze. Oxidative stress was assessed at end of study by measuring brain MDA and GSH levels. Cholinergic marker of cognition, AChE was measured in brain at end of study.Results: Both E. officinalis and M. koenigii showed dose dependent anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-oxidant effects in diabetic rats with 500 mg/kg dose showing significantly higher effect. Both 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg dose of E. officinalis and M. koenigii partially reversed cognitive decline in diabetic rats by day 30.Conclusions: 500 mg/kg p.o. dose of E. officinalis or M. koenigii has potential to reverse cognitive decline in diabetic patients.
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Objective: The objective of the present study was to develop an HPLC analytical method and to perform in vivo study of Emblica officinalis and Aegle marmelos extracts for antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. Methods: The phytochemical analyses, total phenolic content (TPC), TLC, DPPH assay were performed for freeze-dried Emblica officinalis fruits aqueous extract (EOFAE) and Aegle marmelos leaves ethyl acetate extract (AMLEAE). The active constituents present in both extracts were estimated by using HPLC system having Hibar® C18 column [250 x4.6 mm, 5 µm] and UV detector (264 nm). A gradient mobile phase (acetonitrile and water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) was used at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. In vivo antioxidant, antidiabetic activity of both extracts was conducted on male albino Wistar rats for 21 d in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (42 rats; n=6). The antidiabetic activity was measured by blood glucose level and biochemical parameters i.e. total cholesterol, triglycerides and total protein. Oxidative stress was measured by antioxidant biomarkers i.e. SOD, GSH, lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances method on the liver of the experimental rat. Results: Tannins, saponins, carbohydrate, glycosides are found in EOFAE; coumarins and flavonoids are found in AMLEAE and quinones, phenols are present in both extracts. The values of TPC present in standard gallic acid, EOFAE and AMLEAE were found to be 485.7, 315.6, 300.7 mgGAE/g, respectively. Rf values obtained by TLC of EOFAE and AMLEAE were found to be 0.41 and 0.50, respectively. The values of % inhibition shown by EOFAE and AMLEAE in DPPH assay were found to be 97.8%±2 and 95.2%±2, respectively. The values of retention time of EOFAE and AMLEAE by HPLC analysis were found to be 4.59 and 5.28 min, respectively. Histopathological examination of the liver was revealed that low dose EOAM (containing of EOFAE 250+AMLEAE 250 mg/kg body weight) administered once a daily for 21 d showed significant activity (P˂0.001) with biochemical parameters and antioxidant biomarkers. Conclusion: The present study showed that the EOFAE and AMLEAE treated group III with (EOAM) low dose of 500 mg/kg body weight has potent antioxidant and antidiabetic activity.
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Background: Diabetes mellitus which is a chronic metabolicdisorder categorized by elevated blood glucose levels anddisturbances in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism.Objective: In this study our main goal is to evaluate the bloodglucose lowering effect of aqueous extract of Emblica officinalisfruit in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rat.Method: The aqueous extract was orally administered for 4weeks at a dose of 250mg/kg b.w, 500mg/kg b.w. Weeklyestimates of fasting blood glucose level were recorded innormal non-diabetic rats as well as in alloxan induced diabeticrats.Results: Aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis fruit showed noblood glucose lowering activity in non-diabetic rats. But therewas a significant reduction in blood glucose level (p<0.001),when compared with diabetic control. Similar results werefound when compared with a standard anti-diabetic drug,glibenclamide at a dose of 5mg/kg b.w. Aquouse extract500mg/b.w produce the maximum response in reducing bloodsugar level of diabetic rats.Conclusion: We can conclude that, the aqueous extracts ofE.officinais produce significant change in blood glucose level,specially 500 mg/kg b.w dose on pharmacodynamics responsemay be useful in insulin resistant cases and to postpone theoccurrence of diabetic complications. Further study is neededfor better outcome.
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OBJECTIVE@#Keratinocytes are the predominant cell type in the epidermis and play key roles in epidermal function. Thus, identification of the compounds that regulate the growth of keratinocytes is of importance. Here we searched for such compounds from the herbs used in traditional medicine Ayurveda.@*METHODS@#Human keratinocytes were cultured in the presence or absence of the herbal extracts for 2 weeks; the effect of the extracts on cell growth was determined by staining the cells with Coomassie brilliant blue. To detect the compounds that regulate the growth of keratinocytes, the herbal extracts were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).@*RESULTS@#We found that the extract of Emblica officinalis enhanced the growth of keratinocytes in culture. Further, we fractionated the extract of E. officinalis using HPLC and identified the fractions responsible for the enhanced growth of keratinocytes.@*CONCLUSION@#The extract of E. officinalis enhanced the growth of human keratinocytes in culture. E. officinalis contains the compounds that would be beneficial for human skin health because enhanced growth of keratinocytes would promote wound healing.
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Aim: Medicinal, edible and aromatic plants and natural products have been used worldwide for the management of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and mode of action of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Phyllanthaceae) used traditionally for treatment of diabetes. Study Design: Using multiple In vitro models; this study was designed to investigate the antidiabetes efficacy and mode of action of E. officinalis. Place and Duration of Study: School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, 2001- 2004 Results: E. officinalis aqueous extracts (AEs) stimulated basal insulin output and potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion concentration-dependently in the clonal pancreatic beta cell line, BRIN-BD11 (p<0.001). The insulin secretory activity of plant extract was abolished in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and by inhibitors of cellular Ca2+ uptake, diazoxide (p<0.001, n=8). Furthermore, the extract increased insulin secretion in depolarised cells and further augmented insulin secretion triggered by IBMX and tolbutamide. E. officinalis AE (1 mg/mL) displayed insulin mimetic activity (230%, p<0.001). Furthermore, it enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3 L1 adipocytes by 460% (p<0.001). E. officinalis augmented also synergistically (p<0.001) insulin action, when co-incubated with insulin sensitizers; metformin (2.4-fold), vanadate (4.9-fold), tungstate (4.8-fold) and molybdate (6-fold). At higher concentrations (0.5-5 mg/mL), the extract also produced 8-74% (p<0.001) decrease in enzymatic starch digestion In vitro. E. officinalis AEs (1-50 mg/mL) inhibited protein glycation 44-87% (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study has revealed that water soluble bioactive principles in E. officinalis extract stimulate insulin secretion, enhance insulin action and inhibit both protein glycation and starch digestion. The former actions are dependent on the bioeffective component (s) in the plant being absorbed intact. Future work assessing the use of Emblica officinalis as adjunctive therapeutic nutraceutical or as a source of bioactive antidiabetic principles may provide new opportunities for the integrated management/prevention/reversal of diabetes.
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Background: Amla is one of the most often used herbs in indigenous medicine, whose all parts including fruit, seed, leaves, root, bark, and fl owers are used in various Ayurvedic/Unani medicines. However, studies to establish analgesic potential of amla were limited, so the purpose of the present study was to evaluate analgesic activity of amla, if it possesses any. Methods: Albino rats were divided randomly in three groups of six rats each. Group 1 (control) received distilled water orally, Group 2 (test) received Emblica offi cinalis extract in dose of 600 mg/kg orally and Group 3 (standard) received Pentazocine in dose 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Results: Emblica offi cinalis extract did not produced statistically signifi cant (p>0.05) analgesia when compared with the control group in hot plate latency, but produced a statistically signifi cant reduction in 6% NaCl induced abdominal writhing (p<0.05). Conclusions: Since the plant extract signifi cantly reduced the number of writhes in abdominal writhing model, but do not increase hot plate latency, the commercially available crude extract of Emblica offi cinalis exhibit analgesic activity involving peripheral mechanisms.
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OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Emblica officinalis (E. officinalis) fruit on normal and type 2 diabetic rats.@*METHODS@#Type 2 diabetes was induced into the male Long-Evans rats. The rats were divided into nine groups including control groups receiving water, type 2 diabetic controls, type 2 diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide (T2GT) and type 2 diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract of fruit pulp of E. officinalis. They were fed orally for 8 weeks with a single feeding. Blood was collected by cutting the tail tip on 0 and 28 days and by decapitation on 56 day. Packed red blood cells and serum were used for evaluating different biochemical parameters.@*RESULTS@#Four weeks administration of aqueous extract of E. officinalis improved oral glucose tolerance in type 2 rats and after 8 weeks it caused significant (P<0.007) reduction in fasting serum glucose level compared to 0 day. Triglycerides decreased by 14% but there was no significant change in serum ALT, creatinine, cholesterol and insulin level in any group. Furthermore, reduced erythrocyte malondialdehyde level showed no significant change (P<0.07) but reduced glutathione content was found to be increased significantly (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The aqueous extract of E. officinalis has a promising antidiabetic and antioxidant properties and may be considered for further clinical studies in drug development.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Alanine Transaminase , Blood , Analysis of Variance , Antioxidants , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Blood Glucose , Creatinine , Blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Drug Therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Drug Therapy , Glucose , Metabolism , Glutathione , Blood , Hypoglycemic Agents , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Insulin , Blood , Malondialdehyde , Blood , Oxidative Stress , Phyllanthus emblica , Chemistry , Plant Extracts , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Rats, Long-EvansABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the effects of Emblica officinalis (Amla) extract on serum lipids and atherogenesis, in albino rats fed with high fat diet. Materials and Methods: Healthy albino rats of Wistar strain (150-200 gm each) were randomized into five groups of six animals each- Group A (received normal diet), Group B (received normal diet + Emblica officinalis extract 1 gm/kg BW) Group C (received high fat diet consisting of vanaspati ghee and coconut oil at a ratio of 3:2, at a dose of 10 ml/kg/day), Group D (received high fat diet + Emblica officinalis extract 1 gm/kg BW) and Group E (received high fat diet + simvastatin 1.8 mg/ kg BW). Treatment period was 8 weeks. At the end of 8 weeks, lipid profile was evaluated by estimating total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum LDL, serum HDL and atherogenic index. Results: Ethanolic extract of Emblica officinalis showed significant antihyperlipidaemic activity (P< 0.01) with significant improvement in atherogenic index (p<0.01). Conclusion: Present study suggests that Emblica officinalis extract at a dose of 1 gm/kg BW exerts antihyperlipidaemic effect comparable to that of simvastatin. It also possesses hypolipidaemic activity.
Subject(s)
Animals , Atherosclerosis/drug therapy , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Hyperlipidemias/blood , Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy , Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use , Lipids/blood , Lipids/drug therapy , Lipids/metabolism , Phyllanthus emblica/pharmacology , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Simvastatin/pharmacologyABSTRACT
For understanding the molecular mechanism one can also adopt in silico approach where the interactions such as Protein-protein interactions, Protein-compound interactions, DNA-compound interactions, DNA-protein interactions are commonly used. Here we focused on the fate of these interactions for some of the compounds of Emblica officinalis with normal DNA polymerase β. Efficacy of these compounds involves design/taking from the databases of these molecules that are probable to act on the bimolecular target. DNA polymerase beta protein PDB (1DK3) was used to dock with compounds like Quercetin, Myricetin and 3,7,3,4-Tetra Hydroxy Flavone. All these compounds showed best binding studies with DNA polymerase beta.
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Emblica officinalis, commonly known as amla, is an important medicinal plant of India. Its fruits have potent antioxidant activity due to the presence of tannoids, tannins, vitamin C and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of the fruits of Emblica officinalis (EO) on memory impairment in Swiss albino mice. Scopolamine (1 mg kg-1, i.p) was administered to induce amnesia and the memory was evaluated by using elevated plus-maze and passive avoidance tests. Piracetam (200 mg kg-1, i.p.) was used as a standard nootropic agent. The EO extract was administered intraperitoneally in four graded doses (150, 300, 450 and 600 mg kg-1) for 7 consecutive days to different groups of mice. The mice were sacrificed on the 8th day following assessment of memory. The brain malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as acetylcholinesterase (AchE)) activity was determined. It was observed that EO extract reversed the amnesia induced by scopolamine. The mean transfer latency and retention latency in the EO extract 600 mg kg-1 group vs the vehicle treated scopolamine group was 13.46 sec (p<0.001) and 134.4 sec (p<0.001) vs 23.99 sec and 44.55 sec, respectively. EO extract treatment also significantly (p<0.001) ameliorated the oxidative stress induced by scopolamine administration. The mice brain MDA and GSH levels in the EO extract 600 mg kg-1 group vs the scopolamine group were 29.95 nmol g-1 of wet tissue and 51.87 μg g-1 tissue vs 55.22 nmol g-1 of wet tissue and 28.33 μg g-1 tissue, respectively. Further, EO extract (300, 450 and 600 mg kg-1, i.p) significantly (p<0.001) reversed the rise in brain acetyl cholinesterase (AchE) level induced by scopolamine. The mice brain AchE levels in the EO extract 600 mg kg-1 group as compared to the scopolamine group was 70.23 vs 151.49 U mg-1 protein-1, respectively. These results suggest that EO possesses memory enhancing, antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activity. It may be useful for the treatment of cognitive impairments induced by cholinergic dysfunction. Its potential in the management of dementia and Alzheimer disease needs to be further explored.
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Objective: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of a Shemamruthaa (SM), (combination of Hibiscus rosasinensis (H. rosasinensis) flowers, fruits of Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) and pure honey in definite ratio), against lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant status in experimentally induced mammary carcinoma rats. Methods: Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the study and were divided into four groups. Group I control animals received standard pellet diet and water ad libitum. Group II rats were induced with 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) (25 mg in 1 mL olive oil) by gastric intubation, whereas another set of DMBA-induced rats were treated with SM (400 mg/kg body weight/d) in olive oil orally by gastric intubation for 14 d after 3 months of induction period (group III). Group IV rats served as SM-treated control animals. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were anaesthetised and sacrificed and used for biochemical measures and histology studies. Results: The LPO was increased and antioxidant levels were decreased in the serum, liver and mammary tissues of cancer-induced rats. The administration of SM drug significantly (P<0.05) decreased LPO and reversed the status of antioxidants to near normal level in cancer-bearing animals. Conclusions: The results obtained indicate the additive and synergistic action of constituents’ plants in the SM drug against oxidative damage and its protective role in DMBA induced mammary cancer.
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In the present study, an attempt to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of fungal endophytes inhabiting Emblica officinalis has been made keeping in view the medicinal importance of the selected host plant in Indian traditional practices. A total of four endophytic fungi belonging to Phylum Ascomycetes were isolated from different parts of the plant which were characterized morphologically and by using rDNA-internal transcribed spacer. The most frequently isolated endophyte was Phomopsis sp. The antioxidant activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power assay, and total phenol were evaluated using ethanolic extract of endophytic fungi. DPPH activities in all the ethanolic extract increased with the increase in concentrations. Endophytes, Phomopsis sp. and Xylaria sp. showed highest antioxidant activity and also had the higher levels of phenolics. Antimicrobial activity of fungal extract were tested against four bacteria namely, Escherichia coli MTCC730, Enteroccocus faecalis MTCC2729, Salmonella enterica ser. paratyphi MTCC735 and Streptococcus pyogenes MTCC1925, and the fungus Candida albicans MTCC183. In general, the fungal extracts inhibited the growth of test organisms except E. coli.
Subject(s)
Ascomycota , Bacteria , Biphenyl Compounds , Candida albicans , Endophytes , Escherichia coli , Ethanol , India , Phenol , Phyllanthus emblica , Picrates , Plants , Salmonella enterica , Streptococcus pyogenesABSTRACT
Depression is a widespread psychiatric disorder affecting around 5% of the population. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict which patient will respond to any given treatment. In the traditional systems of medicine, many plants and formulations have been used to treat depression for thousands of years. Emblica officinalis (EO) contains tannic acid as its main ingredient and this compound has been shown to have non-selective mono-amine oxidase activity. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the antidepressant potential of acute and chronic administration of EO in forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Inbred adult male Swiss Albino mice weighing 25-30g were used in the study. Standard drug (imipramine) and test drug (EO) were suspended in 1% gum acacia. The vehicle (10ml/kg, p.o), imipramine (10mg/kg, p.o) and EO (0.8mg/kg, 2mg/kg, 4mg/kg, p.o. respectively) were administered 1hour prior to acute study. In chronic study, all drugs were given for 10 days and the last dose was given 1hour before the experiment. Duration of immobility was noted in both the models. In our study, both imipramine and EO significantly reduced the duration of immobility in both experimental models as compared to the animals in the control group. The antidepressant activity of EO was comparable to that of standard drug imipramine. The results of the present study indicate the potential for use of EO as an adjuvant in the treatment of depression.
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The cognitive impairment seen in epileptics may be a consequence of either the underlying epileptogenic process alone or it could manifest on account of the use of antiepileptic drugs that cause cognitive impairment as an adverse effect or both. Thus, there is a need for drugs that can suppress epileptogenesis without contributing to or , if possible, by acting to prevent the development of cognitive impairment. Emblica officinalis, an Indian medicinal plant, has marked antioxidant property. The effect of seven days pretreatment of 300, 500 and 700 mg/kg doses of hydroalcoholic extract of E. officinalis (HAEEO) administered intraperitoneally to rats was evaluated on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures, cognitive deficit and oxidative stress markers viz malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione. The 500 and 700 mg/kg ip doses of HAEEO completely abolished the generalized tonic seizures and also improved the retention latency in passive avoidance task. Further, HAEEO dose-dependently ameliorated the oxidative stress induced by PTZ. These findings suggest the potential of HAEEO to be used as an adjuvant to treatment with antiepileptic drugs.
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The present study was aimed at investigating the ameliorative effect of Emblica (Phyllanthus Emblica. L) fruit extract (EFE) against alcohol-induced oxidative changes in plasma biochemical profile in rats. Alcohol administration (5 g/kg body wt/day) for 60 days resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of plasma nitrite/nitrate (NOx), total bilirubin, creatinine, and abnormalities in lipid and lipoproteins. Moreover, alcohol receiving rats showed significantly (P<0.05) lowered plasma total protein, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio and uric acid, with no significant change in glucose level. The EFE administration (250 mg/kg body wt/day) to alcohol-administered rats significantly modulated plasma lipids and lipoprotein patterns and also decreased nitrite/nitrate, total bilirubin and creatinine levels. EFE administration to alcohol receiving rats showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in plasma total protein, A/G ratio and uric acid levels. Total cholesterol (r = 0.466), triglycerides (r = 0.574), VLDL-C (r = 0.578), LDL-C (r = 0.225) and total bilirubin (r = 0.419) showed a stronger positive correlation with that of NOx in alcohol-treated rats. The concentration of nitric oxide (NOx) was negatively correlated with HDL-C (r = -0.285) and uric acid (r = 0.392) in alcohol-treated rats. The amelioration of alcohol-induced oxidative stress might be due to the combined effect of phytophenols, such as tannins and flavonoid compounds and vitamin C.